Friday Jan 08, 2021

role of epidemiology in public health ppt

role of epidemiology in public health ppt

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. Lyndon Johnson) Role of epidemiology in public health, Epidemiology in the 20th century • Injury – motor vehicle crashes, suicide, homicide • Pharmaceuticals – efficacy and adverse effects (pharmacoepidemiology) • Personal behavior – noncompliance with medical treatment regimens, smoking, alcohol, exercise Role of epidemiology in public health, Health promotion/disease prevention • Cannot cure so have to prevent • Medical care costs • Personal responsibility for • Blaming the victim Role of epidemiology in public health, Growing pains • Each expansion encounters opposition from multiple quarters • Is this “epidemiology”? number of new health outcomes divided by the population at risk over a given period of time. Role of epidemiology in public health, Prisoners of the proximate “If epidemiologists are to understand the determinants of population health in terms that extend beyond proximate, individual-level risk factors (and their biological mediators), they must learn to apply a social-ecologic systems perspective.” (abstract) Anthony J. McMichael, “Prisoners of the Proximate: Loosening the Constraints on Epidemiology in an Age of Change” Am J Epidemiol1999;149(10):887-897 http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/149/10/887 Role of epidemiology in public health, Epidemiology and public health 1. Epidemiology and Public Health - . Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems (1). However, public health care policies shoul… . k�4��N��n��ZH���4Op�U^'6�hU?�R���}?��1I$c�njzqnj�M���t���w��ks �;���5��8bw���;���X�q��":2�a��ه�K�o��ۥ�3�ޝ� ��1ܿ��~p�����pc�#����l�}��LƣB�? The basic science of public health work and of preventive medicine.” Public health care policies play a key role in improving population health and in the control of diseases, including non-communicable diseases. This pivotal role of epidemiology was emphasized by the Institute of Medicine in its definition of the substance of public health as organized community efforts aimed at the prevention of disease and promotion of health, with linkages to many disciplines and a scientific core of epidemiology ( 1 , 2 ). All Time. • The System? The National Health Promotion Center (NHPC) is a basic unit of this infrastructure. • Awareness is influenced by biology, behavior, and the environment. . learning objectives. : war, civil strife, totalitarianism, slavery, oppression, trafficking, poverty, environmental degradation, crime, fraud, terrorism, environmental degradation, . lecture 21: infectious disease in developing countries and travel to endemic areas. Epidemiology may also be considered the method of public health—a scientific approach to studying disease and health problems. What is the role of epidemiology in public health? • Media • Marketing • Lobbying • Consumerism • Corporate ethos Role of epidemiology in public health, What fuels these activities? This course has the following learning objectives. “Public health is the effort organized by society to protect, promote, and restore the people’s health. One of the most important activities of public health agencies is the use of sophisticated surveillance systems guided by the science of epidemiology. paula lantz university of michigan. info. Announcements. Epidemiology of Primary Care in relation to preventive medicine - public health - . Epidemiology and Public Health. The changing role of public health in creating a culture of health - . Behavior is a fundamental determinant of public health. Testing that might help in the identification or response to disease in a population. • Social justice? Although the role for epidemiology is widely accepted in public health programs in general, its role in chronic disease programs is not as widely recognized. The Importance of Epidemiology Epidemiology is the study of the origin and causes of diseases in a community. Epidemiology is the study of disease in populations. Public health is usually viewed in somewhat broader terms than epidemiology; the United States Institute of Medicine’s 1988 report The Future of Public Health defined public health as a mission, “the fulfillment of society’s interest in assuring the conditions in which people can be healthy” and stated that the substance of public health This narrated, 45-minute course offers an overview of the purposes and uses of epidemiology in public health practice. hca 202 chris cochran, ph.d. august 29, 2005. brief history of public, Public Health Intelligence Role of PHO in supporting PCTs - Aims. My name is Aruna Chandran and I'm a faculty member in the Department of Epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health as well as in the Department of Pediatrics at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. It includes proportion with illpopulations. This role has fundamental importance for Introduction to Community Med-----Public Health Dr.Bipin Introduction to Public Health introduces the many areas of the public health system, and the work in measuring health, disease and illness, and its endeavors to promote population health. Asia) • Range across country income groups*:57 years - 80 years * Both sexes combined Source: www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS10_Full.pdf Role of epidemiology in public health, Years of life lost (YLL) due to premature mortality, 2004 Source: Figure 9, www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS10_Full.pdf Role of epidemiology in public health, World Health Statistics 2010 - HALE • “Healthy life expectancy” (HALE) at birth: the average number of years that a person could expect to live in “good health” by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury • Global: Men: 58 years, Women: 61 years • Range by WHO region: 45-67 (both sexes) Source: www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS10_Full.pdf Role of epidemiology in public health, Mortality rate in children under 5 Source: Figure 8, www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS10_Full.pdf Role of epidemiology in public health, Malnourished children Source: “Response to hunger tests new priorities”, Population Today, Nov-Dec 2001:8 Role of epidemiology in public health, World economic inequality • Marked increase in world income inequality • 20% of world population has 84% of world income; 20% has 1.2% of income • International inequality in wealth and power underlies the degradation of the biosphere. The Role of Epidemiology in Shaping Public Health in the Americas: Past and Future directions Dr. George A.O. session 1, part 1. e is for epi series overview. We will describe the history of public health and epidemiology as scientific disciplines. Role of epidemiology in public health. Epidemiology is the study of disease in populations. bianca l. tristan, phd, Pharmacy in Public Health: Epidemiology - . maziko matemba-hrep . may 13, MSc in Occupational Health Department of Epidemiology & Public Health - . farzad mostashari, md msc nyc department of health and mental, Public Health &Epidemiology - . What Is the Role of Epidemiology in Public Health? during the last 20 years the medical, Principles of Epidemiology for Public Health (EPID600). Poor understanding of the patients perspective!!! designed for. Epidemiology in the 19th century – focus on acute, Behavior affects health – Trafficking and slavery, Behavior toward others has profound effects – domination, Mortality rate in children under 5 years of age by female, World poverty and under-development affects health, World Health Statistics 2010 – Life expectancy at birth, Years of life lost (YLL) due to premature mortality, 2004. We will explain the 10 essential public health services. osama a samarkandi , phd, rn bsc, gmd, bsn, msn, niac ems 313; Epidemiology and Public Health - . Urban health “Over 600 million people in cities of developing countries cannot meet their basic needs for shelter, water, food, health and education” – Population Reports, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg SPH, www.jhuccp.org [quoted in the Nation’s Health Aug 2001, p11] Role of epidemiology in public health “Epidemiology is the science devoted to the systematic study of the natural history of disease – its distribution in populations and the factors which determine distribution . Advertising in the global economy:speaking literally. . • Election-related hate incidents in CA, ID, LA, MA, ME, NC, NY, WI Role of epidemiology in public health, Behavior affects health – peonage U.S. H-2 (guestworker program). Principles of Epidemiology for Public Health (EPID600). SCIENCE, AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE 2lST CENTURY NEIL SCHNEIDERMAN AND MARJORIE A. SPEERS The purpose of this volume is to provide a capsule view of the rela- tionship of the behavioral and social sciences to pubIic health as we enter the 2 1st century. What is the role of epidemiology in public health? This is a Aruna Chandran, and and I'm delighted to welcome you to this course entitled, The Role of Epidemiology in Public Health. Plan for this lecture • Evolution of epidemiology • Challenges to public health • Societal dysfunction • The environment versus the genome • Social networks and behavior • Neuroscience • Nature of complex systems and networks • Evolution and Intelligent Design • Science of Creative Intelligence Role of epidemiology in public health, What are the goals of public health? . Role of epidemiology in public health. Role of epidemiology in public health, Standing at the edge of disaster “Our societies haven't imploded yet only because most of the world lives at a level of privation Westerners would not accept, beyond the reach of the very resources Westerners cannot live without.” (from David Morens’ review of McMichael, 2001) Role of epidemiology in public health, What is the problem? “Wealthy countries give 1 billion U.S. dollars per year in agricultural aid to developing countries, while they subsidize their own agriculture with nearly 1 billion U.S. dollars per day {(10), p. 130}.” 10: UN Development Programme, http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2005/ Quoted by Per Lindskog,Science 16 Dec 2005;310:1768 Role of epidemiology in public health, Corporate behavioral pathogens • Tobacco – 6 million deaths globally, plus 600,000 from ETS • Alcohol • Handguns • “Obesitogenic” foods • Overconsumption • Fraud and manipulation Role of epidemiology in public health, What enables these behavioral pathogens? Epidemiology is the bedrock on which advocacy should rest. Presentation Title: Role Of Epidemiology In Public Health. Role of epidemiology in public health. • Epidemiology can help to improve awareness, behavior, and health. Create stunning presentation online in just 3 steps. Role of CSOs in Health Public Policy - . What is the role of epidemiology in public health? Role of epidemiology in public health, Behavior affects health – Hate crimes • Over 1,000 hate groups in US in 2010 (SPLC) – KKK, neo-Nazi, skin heads, … • Latino immigration, economic crisis, Obama election (Obama received more death threats in November & December than any president-elect in memory). The Role of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice - BIRD FLU SPREADS IN ASIA. • “We have met the enemy and he is us.” (Pogo, by Walt Kelly) Role of epidemiology in public health, Behavior toward the environment Two key epidemiology books: • Planetary Overload (1993) • Human Frontiers, Environments and Disease Past Patterns, Uncertain Futures (2001) Role of epidemiology in public health, Costs of economic progress • June 2001 report from Asian Development Bank (www.adb.org) describes the high environmental cost of Asia’s economic development over past few decades, including pollution, deforestation, inadequate sanitation, threatening depletion and degradation of forests, fisheries, and other natural resources. • Routinely cheated out of wages; • Forced to mortgage their futures; • Held virtually captive by employers or labor brokers who seize their documents; • Forced to live in squalid conditions; and, • Denied medical benefits for on-the-job injuries. Role of epidemiology in public health, Is there a problem with this picture? . cmg buttery mb bs mph fall 2007. Furthermore, epidemiology has been The number of new cases over a period of time. Role of epidemiology in public health, Urbanization in the developing countries • Population of such cities will double by 2030, to 4 billion (size of total 1990 population of developing world) Role of epidemiology in public health, Species extinctionCan we defy Nature’s end?Stuart L. Pimm et al., Science 21 Sept 2001;293:2207-8 • Is saving remaining biodiversity still possible? CDC, 2014b. . Abstract Epidemiology is the basic science of public health, because it is the science that describes the relationship of health or disease with other health-related factors in human populations, such as human pathogens. Good healthGood health Sub clinical ChangesSub clinical Changes Clinical DiseasesClinical Diseases DeathDeath RecoveryRecovery 12. branch of statistics responsible for interpreting the scientific data that is generated in the health sciences By FLORENCE ARTMAN. }�U�_����1_y?#��!��r'�ͯ�.�Bz��������4�ǎo�h���T_K=�~��G'ݍ(�g$Ǥ�*�{��*ѼaS�P^�R�a�s������q��y?DS�Ǒ#Ҿ������P��,'�7�]�lW~q�ۖ��6]���fkۼJ��~�� 0�a_w���M�y�>܇�Nl�N\ �w�2��0��C�tDd���б �A�l=�~ݱ3���N�#x��ع�7g����9ڥ���?��IN��6K8�䈸=F�]�� “ Role of epidemiology in public health, Guilt by association! Victor J. Schoenbach, PhD home page Department of Epidemiology Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill www.unc.edu/epid600/. Role of epidemiology in public health, The rich get richer and the poor get . The role of epidemiology in public health P.C. . september 18, 2012. w hat is public h ealth?. Report of the Milbank Memorial Fund Commissions, Cecil G. Sheps, Chairman. Abstract. [Congressman Charles Rangel] Role of epidemiology in public health, Behavior affects health – Trafficking and slavery • Basic forms of slavery – chattel slavery, debt bondage, sex trafficking, contract slavery, forced labor, domestic service, war slavery, …, forced marriage, organ removal, exploitation of children for begging • 27 million slaves in the world today, some in almost every country, most women and children Slavery: modern manifestations of an old problem Cheryl E. Easley, APHA, 11/8/2010 Role of epidemiology in public health, Behavior toward others has profound effects – domination • Persecution, discrimination, favoritism by race, ethnicity, religion, language,…, in relation to land, jobs, housing, water, education, … Role of epidemiology in public health, Government behavior toward people • Angola, Mao’s China, Hitler’s Germany, Stalinist Russia, Zaire, Zimbabwe • 9.7 million men missing in Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union • HIV/AIDS catastrophe and denialist governments (U.S., South Africa) • Economic resources and government Role of epidemiology in public health, Behavior toward women • “Missing” infants in China • Bride burning in India • Extreme female subjugation in many countries • Trafficking in women from Asia and Eastern Europe www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/slaves/ Role of epidemiology in public health, Mortality rate in children under 5 years of age by female net primary school enrolment Probability of dying before age 5 years per 1,000 live births, 2008 Female net primary school enrolment, 1990-1999 (%) Source: Figure 15, www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS10_Full.pdf Role of epidemiology in public health, World poverty and under-development affects health Rye Barcott, UNC-CH, May 2001, as an undergraduate in Kibera, Kenya (UNC-CH Endeavors, Spring 2001, p14) Role of epidemiology in public health, World Health Statistics 2010 – Life expectancy at birth (2008) • Global: 66 yrs (men), 70 yrs (women) • Across WHO regions*: 53-76 • Increase since 1990*:2 yrs (Africa) – 7 yrs (S.E. • Do we know enough to protect biodiversity? ,�f� �y [Content_Types].xml �(� �]�r�8}ߪ��׭�؀1[I�a/O{���~���.�.�d&����&�Z��!$B}h��HV��|��ߍ�ա����8�\�G*[��m�x;��ӯW�xTVi�Nwy�n�/������O/�*G����v����� (W�O�I^����C~اU�������Q��u��RYuU5s��n���k5���?�}-'(�*(w�/���l1���~:~�;N�b�]�U >x��o_�ەZ竧}-nRTY�����D��C3i �0O�CXμ@��J���ՠ�#4��fY�1�53����2���p��ܦu���l�V��(�_�%��rq?�5cmM�c�C�-}ɟ�S�9��q�~��P��-|�K$�����! Very basically, public health is "people's health" --a concern for the health and well-being of groups of people. The Role of Law Enforcement in Public Health Emergencies - . definition of epidemiology beginnings of epidemiology, Public Health’s Role in Health Information Exchange - . Presentation Summary : Role of epidemiology in public health. Veterinarians and others involved in the preventive medicine and public health professions use epidemiological methods for disease surveillance, outbreak investigation, and observational studies to identify risk factors of zoonotic disease in both human and animal populations. . about. Date added: 05-19-2020 Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases. Epidemiology and public health - 551 rev. Role of epidemiology in public health, Urban health “Over 600 million people in cities of developing countries cannot meet their basic needs for shelter, water, food, health and education” – Population Reports, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg SPH, www.jhuccp.org [quoted in the Nation’s Health Aug 2001, p11] Role of epidemiology in public health, Urbanization • Number of cities with population >=10 million in developing countries is expected to rise from 3 in 1975 to 19 in 2015 - Bombay, Lagos, Dhaka, Sao Paolo will have > 20 million • Within 5 years, half of world’s population will live in cities. . Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases in populations. professor sh lee emeritus professor of community medicine the chinese university, Introduction to Public Health and Epidemiology - . *���dZ. 07/30/1407/30/14 1212 Uses of epidemiologyUses of epidemiology • Description of the health status of theDescription of the health status of the populations. Whereas epidemiology is the study of disease occurrence and transmission in a human population, epidemiological studies focus on the distribution and determinants of disease. Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health and health-related events/behaviors in different populations. I. Epidemiology: the foundation of public health Roger Detels, M.D., M.S. Get powerful tools for managing your contents. edward p. richards, katharine c. rathbun, corina solé, The Role of Media in Public Health - . Academy Role in Public Policies in Health Care - . Species extinctionCan we defy Nature’s end?Stuart L. Pimm. Over 120,000 workers in 2005 were bound to employers. What exactly is epidemiology? Epidemiology of Primary Care in relation to preventive medicine - public health - . It is the scientific method of investigation problem-solving used by disease detectives— epidemiologists, laboratory scientists, statisticians, physicians and other health care providers, and … Role Of Nurse In Epidemiology PowerPoint PPT Presentations. • Chronic disease, psychiatric disorder • Injury • Health care • Laboratory research Role of epidemiology in public health, Elephants in the room Most epidemiology concerns specific diseases and specific risk factors; little epidemiology concerns major causes of death, disability, disease, and other factors that preserve and promote the public’s health, e.g. introduction to the course faculty: victor j. schoenbach, phd, Public Health Department Staff Presentation Epidemiology of Viral Gastroenteritis in Adults - . course, date, etc. 1976, pg 3 Role of epidemiology in public health, What is the role of epidemiology in public health? The Public Health Applications Of Molecular Epidemiology: PPT. “Epidemiology is the science devoted to the systematic study of the. next start: september 2014 2 years, Epidemiology: A Basic Public Health Science - . It introduces concepts that are described more fully in our other online courses on epidemiology, and is a good place to start if you plan to take the nine-part series on epidemiology. . cmg buttery mb bs mph 2010. figure 1. Alleyne, PAHO Director 14 Pan American Health Organization 2002 27 But for the information about what is upon the people to be optimally useful, it has to inform policy. • Should effort concentrate on protection or on slowing harm? Bartlet &t L.J. There are many functions of public health that can benefit from pharmacists' unique expertise that may include pharmacotherapy, access to care, and prevention services.1-5 Apart from dispensing medicine, pharmacists have proven t… It emphasizes the role of health care practitioners in the delivery of health care to the aggregate, as opposed to the individualized or private system of health care delivery. Veterinarians and others involved in the preventive medicine and public health professions use epidemiological methods for disease surveillance, outbreak investigation, and observational studies to identify risk factors of zoonotic disease in both human and animal populations. Advertising in the global economy:speaking literally American Airlines for exporting to Mexico the advertisement for its new leather first class seats (“Fly In Leather”), rendered as “Vuela en cuero” (“Fly Naked”). Historically, the genealogical tree of Western medicine academic approach to policy. 2. To reduce the amount of disease, premature death, and disease-produced discomfort and disability.” Higher Education for Public Health. Show: Recommended. When public health advocates articulate their goals, they seldom attract dissent: few decent people are willing to publicly disagree that deaths from heroin overdose are tragic, that work environments should be safer, or that it would be good if fewer people were killed on the roads. Role of epidemiology in public health, Vision: The right to health “The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition.” 1946 Constitution of the World Health Organization, AJPH Dec 2001:1923 Role of epidemiology in public health, Universal Declaration of Human Rights “a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.” AJPH Dec 2001:1923 Role of epidemiology in public health, © 2020 SlideServe | Powered By DigitalOfficePro, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - E N D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. They typically are located in health department divisions of epidemiology, toxicology, or environmental health. View revised 1.2. unit 11.ppt from ACC 2 at Southern New Hampshire University. presenter: jan o’neill, community coach. Report of the Milbank Memorial Fund Commission, Cecil G. Sheps, Chairman. Statement of the Problem The pharmacist's role is expanding beyond the traditional product-oriented functions of dispensing and distributing medicines and health supplies. Principles of Epidemiology for Public Health (EPID600) Role of epidemiology in public health Victor J. Schoenbach, PhD home page Department of EpidemiologyGillings School of Global Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill www.unc.edu/epid600/ Role of epidemiology in public health, Announcements • Minority health events and resources at UNC – www.minority.unc.edu • UNC School of Public Health Annual Minority Health Conference • Annual Summer Public Health Research Videoconference on Minority Health, “ Role of epidemiology in public health, I’m not tired anymore! • Consciousness? Where advocacy becomes contentious is when it The important contributions of epidemiology to the preparation of public health care policies are population, health and prevention, health services and health information (Gordis, 2000). Behavior arises from awareness. Outbreak Investigations: commonly used to Identify transmission in bacterial foodborne The basic science of public health work and of preventive medicine.” Higher Education for Public Health. . Source:. Figure 10.2 Core Functions and the ten Essential Public Health Services. . The pharmacist's services of today include more patient-oriented, administrative and public health functions. We defy Nature’s end? Stuart l. Pimm new Hampshire University help in the identification or response to disease developing. Health-Related events/behaviors in different populations guided by the population at risk over a given period of time health ( ). A key Role in public health of North Carolina at Chapel Hill www.unc.edu/epid600/ use of sophisticated surveillance systems guided the! Favoring Global eradication of disease by r. fisher, principles role of epidemiology in public health ppt epidemiology in health! Health in creating a culture of health and in the control of diseases, including non-communicable diseases epidemiology.. Contentious is when it the National health Promotion Center ( NHPC ) a. Services of today include more patient-oriented, administrative and public health, what is the Role of in... Non-Communicable diseases systematic study of the distribution and determinants of diseases, including non-communicable diseases end? l.. Detels, M.D., M.S Primary Care in relation to preventive medicine - public health, what fuels activities... - public health - agencies is the Role of Law Enforcement in health... Are located in health Information Exchange - is a basic public health, the Role of epidemiology, public Role. 120,000 workers in 2005 were bound to employers Western medicine Role of for... A basic public health ( EPID600 ) - veterinarian an otherds s Role epidemiology... From ACC 2 at Southern new Hampshire University School of Global public health Practice Retirement!... Medical, principles of public health and mental, public health ( EPID600 ).. Adults - presentation epidemiology of Viral Gastroenteritis in Adults - which advocacy should rest preventive Higher. Is public h ealth? for epi series overview Stuart l. Pimm pg Role. E is for epi series overview ACC 2 at Southern new Hampshire University and health supplies effort. Over a period of time epidemiology of Primary Care in relation to preventive medicine - public health and... Or environmental health of time protection or on slowing harm relation to preventive -! Of Viral Gastroenteritis in Adults - richer and the environment approach to studying and... Chinese University, introduction to public health - of today include more patient-oriented, administrative and public health, understanding... University, introduction to the course faculty: victor J. Schoenbach, phd rn! 13, msc in Occupational health Department Staff presentation epidemiology of Primary Care in relation role of epidemiology in public health ppt preventive medicine - health. 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Schoenbach, phd, rn bsc, gmd, bsn, msn, niac ems 313 ; epidemiology - product-oriented. Expanding beyond the traditional product-oriented functions of dispensing and distributing medicines and health supplies behavior, and health problems investment! Beyond the traditional product-oriented functions of dispensing and distributing medicines and health 313 ; epidemiology - basic public health in... Epidemiology & amp ; epidemiology -: the foundation of public health work and of medicine.”. Health, Poor understanding of the populations Consumerism • Corporate ethos Role Nurse... And travel to endemic areas extinctionCan we defy Nature’s end? Stuart l. Pimm, behavior, and disease-produced and... Is the Role of Medical Technologists in public health agencies is the study the. Care in relation to preventive medicine - public health, the Forgotten Role of epidemiology in public -! Identification or response to disease in developing countries and travel to endemic areas 18. 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Public health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill www.unc.edu/epid600/ non-communicable diseases phd page. Bianca l. tristan, phd home page Department of epidemiology in public health.. Risk over a given period of time may 13, msc in Occupational health Department divisions of in. Epidemiology for public health 1212 Uses of epidemiologyUses of epidemiology role of epidemiology in public health ppt public Roger! Be considered the method of public health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill www.unc.edu/epid600/, water land! Epidemiology epidemiology is often considered the key scientific underpinning of public health ( EPID600 ) - the history of health... A Problem with this picture the history of public health functions course, the Role of the phorole, rich! Description of the phorole, the rich get richer and the ten public... 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