disability studies in literature

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In his provisional typology, disability can reveal the morality of other characters, as Tiny Tim does in A Christmas Carol (1843); or it can overlap with racial, sexual, economic, or social otherness, as with Caliban in Shakespeare’s The Tempest. It can show the disjuncture between thematic and narrative trajectories, as in Sadhwa’s Cracking India (1991), where the disability of the child narrator seems more an analogy for the partition of India than a realistic feature of the narrative. Mitchell, David, and Sharon Snyder. 2010. Meanings of disability are not constant, but vary from work to work, just as in reality they vary with bodily condition, time, and place. Journal of Disability Studies ‘ Journal of Disability Studies ’ is an International, multidisciplinary, peer reviewed / refereed open access journal. Instead, they argued that disability is produced as much by cultural and environmental factors as by bodily conditions, and have focused mainly on the former. Early Literary Disability Studies and Normalcy. Nice and informative article, it helps me to get an idea about litrary disability studies. “Disability fluctuates, growing visible, then invisible, then visible again, becoming both ever-present and haunting. Since disability crosses every identity formation, Lennard J. Davis (2002) provocatively argued that disability serves as a sort of master identity that links all other identity categories like gender, race, class, and sexuality (which are themselves unstable). True to his 2005 advice to the field, Bérubé bypassed the question of realism to consider how, even in works ostensibly not “about” disability, disability shows up and structures narratives. In an effort to make out‐of‐print writing by deaf people more available, in the late 1990s Gallaudet University Press launched its “Gallaudet Classics in Deaf Studies” series, republishing work by such deaf authors as Laurent Clerc (1785–1869) and Laura Redden Searing (1840–1923). Initially, the field focused on the division between "impairment" and "disability", where impairment was an impairment of an individual's mind or body, … (5MB), Series: Routledge Studies in Medieval Religion and Culture, Author(s): David M. Turner, Kevin Stagg (eds. According to one organizer, a “high point” came when civil rights icon Julian Bond visited (Cone 1997). Similarly, Sharon Snyder and David Mitchell (2006) advocated for a “cultural model” of disability that explores disabled people’s bodies interacting with the societies around them, while Tobin Siebers, with his theory of complex embodiment, positioned disability as a product of both the environment and bodily factors as “chronic pain, secondary health effects, and aging” (Siebers 2008: 25). (16MB), Series: Interdisciplinary Disability Studies, Publisher: Ashgate Publishing Company, Year: 2015 Such works offer glimpses into the past lives of disabled people and provide a valuable counterpoint to depictions by non‐disabled authors. Finally, she pointed out that while the medical model typically consigned disabled people to the care of health professionals and other specialists, the social model turned attention outward, making disability a fruitful topic of inquiry for a range of academic disciplines that in the past have had little to say about the subject. Hall, Alice. At the same time, some scholars in literary disability studies have chosen to study literary representations of specific kinds of disability. Together with disability activism, such work prepared the way for disability studies. New York: The Modern Language Association. Bogdan, Robert. In 2002 Lennard J. Davis argued that an insistence on social construction alone was intellectually unsatisfactory. Literary critics in disability studies increasingly turned their attention to disability representations from the Global South. Nielsen, Kim. Reiss, Benjamin. Such a problematizing of physical life added a new wrinkle to the genre's double/secret identity trope: the characters now interact with their shifting bodies as bodies with all the complications involved.” Disability is indeed ubiquitous in literature and film. (1MB), Author(s): Michael Gill (ed.). (1MB), Series: Disability studies (Nova Science Publishers), Publisher: Nova Science, Year: 2010 (2MB), Author(s): Nick Watson, Alan Roulstone, Carol Thomas, Author(s): Gary L. Albrecht, Katherine Delores Seelman, Michael Bury, Publisher: SAGE Publications, Inc, Year: 2001 "The Disability Studies Reader edited by Lennard J. Davis is to the field of Disability Studies what the Norton anthologies are to literature. For example, in a reading of William and Ellen Craft’s account of escaping slavery, Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom (1860), she noted not just Ellen Craft’s racial passing, but also her enacting masculinity and disability (she pretends to be deaf) to find liberty. (2MB), Author(s): Candida R. Moss, Jeremy Schipper (eds. (Previously, various kinds of disabled people, like blind citizens and disabled veterans, usually advocated separately for their own interests.) Robert Hurley. Disability Studies is a small but growing field of theorization regarding the role of disability in identity politics. With no acknowledged corpus of disability literature, they began mostly to explore the numerous ways that disability operates in canonical works and in culture, often in their scholarship deftly moving between the two. (1MB), Series: Routledge Studies in Cultural History 14, Author(s): Elsayed Elshabrawy Ahmad Hassanein (auth. Throughout, the activists made themselves collectively visible to the public, revealing what had previously been largely hidden. Such intersectional approaches helped disability studies to emerge as a consequential, exciting intellectual pursuit with an activist orientation. A disability studies perspective examines how disability is socially constructed in society and can shed light on how literature reflects the social conditions within which it was written. Freaks: Myths and Images of the Secret Self. Garland‐Thomson, Rosemarie. ), Publisher: SensePublishers, Year: 2015 2002. Disability studies thus reminds us that everyone has a stake in how disabled people are treated. For instance, people with severe congenital disabilities have served as “icons upon whom people discharge their anxieties, convictions, and fantasies” and reify their own sense of ordinariness (1997: 56). 2001. New York: Simon and Schuster. Chang and Eng Reconnected: The Original Siamese Twins in American Culture. ... dictionaries, dissertations, and conference papers on literature, languages, folklore and linguistics. Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit. Quayson, Ato. The Second Sex. Anthologies such as Beauty is a Verb (2011) have brought contemporary disability poetry to a wider reading public. New York: Simon & Schuster. MA: Harvard University Press. Claiming Disability: Knowledge and Identity. ), Benjamin Reiss (ed. In this way, the very structure of the nineteenth‐century novel upholds normalcy. Disability studies considers disability in political, aesthetic, ethical, and cultural contexts, among others. Publisher: Routledge, Year: 2016; The Oxford Handbook of Music and Disability Studies. For example, in 1977 about 150 people with a range of impairments took over a floor of a federal building in San Francisco for 26 days to protest the government’s failure to implement Section 504 of the 1973 Rehabilitation Act, which was America’s first disability civil rights law. (2MB), Author(s): David J. Connor, Jan W. Valle, Chris Hale, Publisher: Peter Lang Publishing Inc., Year: 2014 Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Even more explicitly, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (ratified in 2008) says that “disability results from the interaction between persons with impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinders their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others.” Such examples show that the conception of disability as the product of both the social environment and the body has gained traction on a national and global level. 1988. One of the first topics they took on was not disability per se but its seeming opposite, normalcy, which they revealed often to be socially formed and to have enormous influence. 2001. A defect of the body structure. A final challenge to achieving a cohesive disability identity relates to its instability as a category. 1989, c1952. London: Routledge. Samuels’s book is part of a pronounced trend in literary disability studies to bring disability together more forcefully with other established identity categories. 2006. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Disability shows up in films from Charlie Chaplin’s City Lights (1931) to Disney’s Finding Nemo (2003) to Gattaca (1997) and numerous other science fiction pictures; in plays like Medoff’s Children of a Lesser God (1979); and in poetry from Milton’s “On His Blindness” (1655) to Dickinson’s works to poems by contemporary poets with disabilities like Lynn Manning, John Lee Clark, and Petra Kuppers. Beauty is a Verb: The New Poetry of Disability. Foucault, Michel. Sharon L. Snyder, Brenda Jo Brueggemann, and Rosemarie Garland‐Thomson, 109–17. Disability studies began to emerge in the West in the late twentieth century as a result of the success of the disability rights movement, the seminal work of a few scholars like Erving Goffman and Michel Foucault, and the flourishing of other interdisciplinary identity‐based approaches that revealed compelling new aspects of the humanities while emphasizing rights. In addition, they sometimes investigated how depictions relate to their historical moment, showing how authors create, perpetuate, or contest the attitudes of their time. Snyder, Sharon. The Secret Life of Stories: From Don Quixote to Harry Potter, How Understanding Intellectual Disability Transforms the Way We Read. Early literary disability studies critics sometimes expressed misgivings about figurative uses of disability, pointing out how such tropes frequently are quick ways vividly to depict something bad, broken, or wrong, even if that thing is unrelated to disability itself. 2011. It also demonstrated how ableism overlaps with racism, sexism, and “other forms of human diminishment that position some humans on the edges of belonging” (Titchkosky 2015: 131). 2007. Several influential scholars working in the 1960s and 1970s provided intellectual groundwork for the field, even if they did not write solely about disability or offer a vision of liberation for disabled people. Benjamin Reiss investigated P. T. Barnum’s career and its relationship to national anxieties about race, gender, and the body, while Cynthia Wu considered the original Siamese twins, Chang and Eng, and their impact in American literature and culture. While one project of literary disability studies has revealed the formation and hegemony of normalcy, another has showed how both fiction and film, through disabled characters, disability metaphors, and even their underlying structure, use disability to address countless aspects of human thought and experience. Like Lennard J. Davis, Mitchell and Snyder contended that narratives often buttress the norm. Cassuto, Leonard. Academic work. Use current and former terms e.g. Disability studies emerged out of the disability civil rights movement in the late twentieth century. He showed how both ableism (discrimination or prejudice against disabled people in favor of able‐bodied people) and heteronormativity support each other, pressuring people to behave in socially acceptable ways. Candidates here include Milton, who became blind, Alexander Pope, who had short stature and a spinal condition, Lord Byron, who was born with a deformed foot, Flannery O’Connor, who as adult contracted lupus and walked on crutches, Borges, who lost much of his sight, and many more. The Board of Directors of the Society for Disability Studies (SDS) stands in solidarity with the ongoing response by the Movement for Black Lives to police brutality and mass incarceration. Sideshow U.S.A.: Freaks and the American Cultural Imagination. He developed this point further in 2002, arguing that a binary distinction between normal and abnormal underpins the rise of the novel. Only with the rise of Nazi concentration camps during World War II did eugenics become discredited, although normalcy continues to have powerful sway. In addition to disabled characters, scholars have called attention to the frequent metaphorical use of disability, which adds to the meanings of disability in texts. Disability Theory. For his part, in Freaks (1978) literary critic Leslie Fiedler explored the long history of people’s fascination with non‐normative human bodies and their display for profit. While one project of literary disability studies has revealed the formation and hegemony of normalcy, another has showed how both fiction and film, through disabled characters, disability metaphors, and even their underlying structure, use disability to address countless aspects of human thought and experience. For example, Alison Kafer’s Feminist, Queer, Crip (2013) clearly announced in the title the intersections she would explore. Scholars have pointed out how disability can shape the very form of narratives. They demonstrated that disability, which might initially seem marginal, is actually pervasive and does significant cultural work. (2MB), Series: Routledge Advances in Disability Studies, Author(s): Tim Corcoran, Julie White, Ben Whitburn (eds. While the social model has served as a core principle of the field, as disability studies matured, leading theorists have called for a more nuanced approach. Similarly, critics have focused exclusively on deafness, blindness, and madness in literature, drawing out how those specific disabilities have been represented across time, and sometimes offering useful cultural history of their disabled group as well. New York: The Modern Language Association. Barker, Clare. We treat disability as a political, cultural and social process, placing as much importance on structures, relations and representations as on individual bodies. In another area, many critics have followed Garland‐Thomson by publishing multidisciplinary studies of freakery and its afterlives. Davis, Lennard J. This difference was defined by ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health) produced by the World Health Organization.Different conceptual models are used to understand the disability and explain its integration with the study. “Seeing What We Know: Disability and Theories of Metaphor.” Journal of Literary and Cultural Disability Studies 4 (1): 33–54. “Disability Studies 2.0.” American Literary History 22 (1): 218–31. Davidson, Michael. It can serve as hermeneutical impasse, as in Ondaatje’s The English Patient (1992), where the man’s acute burns ensures he remains unknown throughout the story. Similarly, a few years later Tobin Siebers identified a powerful but largely invisible “ideology of ability” that permeates society, which he said is often a “baseline by which humanness is determined. Disability studies is an academic discipline that examines the meaning, nature, and consequences of disability. The fourth edition of the reader has just been released in February. In literature, many critics examine works to understand how representations of disability and “normal” bodies change throughout history, including the ways both are defined within the limits of historical or cultural situations. (1MB), Author(s): Janice McLaughlin, Edmund Coleman-Fountain, Emma Clavering, Blake Howe, Stephanie Jensen-Moulton, Neil Lerner, Joseph Straus (eds. 2016. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Boston: Beacon Press. Samuels, in Fantasies of Identification (2014), investigated how disadvantaged groups have subversively performed racial, gender, or disability passing to escape oppressive institutions such as slavery. Guide for students in English Department courses. Leader Ed Roberts called disabled people “one of the largest minority groups in the nation,” emphasizing their new feeling of a shared identity (Nielsen 2012: 168). New York: Vintage. Perhaps because of new interest in disability, improved access, and/or easier paths to publication, a number of autobiographical works have appeared by writers across the disability spectrum including Nancy Mairs, Kenny Fries, Anne Finger, Georgina Kleege, and Stephen Kuusisto. “The Social Model of Disability.” In The Disability Studies Reader, ed. Focusing on cultural and especially literary representations of disability, Journal of Literary & Cultural Disability Studies (JLCDS) publishes a wide variety of textual analyses that are informed by disability theory and, by extension, experiences of disability. Christopher Bell followed a 2006 exhortative essay with an edited collection, Blackness and Disability (2012), which sought to bring disability studies and African‐American studies more forcefully together. The areas covered by Journal include all type of disabilities and a wide range of advanced fields such as: Disability studies is an interdisciplinary academic tradition comprising disciplines spanning from sociology and educational sciences to ethics and literature. An exciting aspect of literary disability studies is how it opens new opportunities for scholarship, knowledge‐building, and the advancement of human rights. Lennard J. Davis (1995) and Mitchell and Snyder (2000) argued that authors sometimes organize narratives around normalcy. In addition, Davis (1995) equated the very act of reading, which is typically silent and visual, with deafness, arguing that writing and decoding texts is bound up in disability. 2011. Siebers, Tobin. Along the same lines, Amy Vidali (2010) argued against simply policing harmful metaphors, urging artists and scholars instead to find ways to work “critically, ethically, transgressively, and creatively at the edges of disability metaphor” (Vidali 2010: 51). Disability Studies is a multi-disciplinary field that investigates, critiques, and enhances Western society’s understandings of disability. Fiedler, Leslie. 2008. He described how, starting in the nineteenth century, bodies seen as problems were sequestered, controlled, diagnosed, and otherwise socially managed. Linton (1998) insisted that “I am not willing or interested in erasing the line between disabled and nondisabled people, as long as disabled people are devalued and discriminated against, and as long as naming the category serves to call attention to that treatment” (1998: 13). 2016. Disability is, as he put it at the outset, “ubiquitous,” and he argued that ubiquity deserves greater recognition and exploration (Bérubé 2016: 1). In 2002, Ato Quayson called for more attention to disability in postcolonial texts, noting that both disability studies and postcolonial studies had similar interests in power relations and identity. Sharon L. Snyder, Brenda Jo Brueggemann, and Rosemarie Garland‐Thomson, 173–96. The lesser the ability, the lesser the human being” (Siebers 2008: 10). Adams, Rachel. 1978, c.1976. Discussing The History of the Life and Adventures of Mr. Duncan Campbell (1720)—sometimes attributed to Defoe—and other examples, he explored how the rise of mass literacy and the advent of deaf education in eighteenth‐century Europe helped writing to serve as a meeting ground of sorts where deaf and hearing people could interact. Bartlett, Jennifer, Sheila Black, and Michael Northern (eds.). Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ), Publisher: SensePublishers, Year: 2015 In contrast to literary critics in feminist or critical race studies, those in disability studies thus have less opportunity to recapture past writers of their group. Along with the emergence of disability studies came increased attention to writing by disabled people themselves. 2015. Review of Disability Studies 2010. Others have resisted such a formulation. Focusing on representations of disability, Journal of Literary & Cultural Disability Studies publishes a wide variety of textual analyses that are informed by disability theory … Bending over Backwards: Disability, Dismodernism & Other Difficult Positions. This section explores two crucial elements of the setting of criticaldisability theory: its heritage in critical theory and its tensionsand overlap with more traditional disability studies. ), Publisher: SensePublishers, Year: 2013 Perhaps the most distinguishing, even radical, feature of disability studies is that it has approached disability primarily as a social and political phenomenon. Drawing on Erving Goffman’s insights, in Extraordinary Bodies (1997) Rosemarie Garland‐Thomson coined the term “normate” to describe an idealized position that has dominance and authority in society (Garland‐Thomson 1997: 8). However, such writing is in short supply, perhaps, as Leonard Cassuto surmises, because of the “wretched treatment of disabled people over history” and because those authors who did publish did not want the highly stigmatized label of “disabled” (Cassuto 2010: 219). Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. “Compulsory Able‐ Bodiedness and the Queer/Disabled Existence.” In Disability Studies: Enabling the Humanities, ed. They occasionally applied to disability feminist debates about essentialism versus social constructivism, postcolonial and critical race scholars’ analysis of hybrid identities, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick’s notion of how a dominant group often depends on a subordinated group for its status, Donna Haraway’s concept of the cyborg, extending the field’s insights, relevance, and legitimacy. New York: Routledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. While the field has always been interdisciplinary and cognizant of other identity‐based disciplines—for example, in using other identity theories, in advocating for rights, or in Garland‐Thomson’s effort to bring disability studies and feminism together back in 1997—recent works have shown a renewed commitment to exploring how disability intersects with other forms of identity. In the early years of the field, disability studies scholars were sometimes faulted for overlooking cognitive disability. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. Literary scholars made the field more visible and invigorated thinking not only about identity and aesthetics, but also about social attitudes toward disability, ethics, and human rights (Hall 2016: 53). 1963. Extending Davis’s and Garland‐Thomson’s ideas, David Mitchell and Sharon Snyder argued in Narrative Prosthesis (2000) that canonical authors frequently rely on disability as a narrative device both to give their fictions energy and ultimately to reaffirm normalcy in their works. Categories: Disability Studies, Literary Criticism, Literary Theory, Tags: Claiming Disability, Disability as an Identity, Disability Studies, Disability Theory, Donna Haraway, Erving Goffman, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Extraordinary Bodies, Freaks: Myths and Images of the Secret Self, Hottentot Venus, Lennard J. Davis, Madame Bovary, Michel Foucault, Narrative Prosthesis, P. T. Barnum, Robert Bogdan, Rosemarie Garland Thomson, Saartjie Baartman, Simi Linton, Simone de Beauvoir, Stigma, The Americans’ Disabilities Act of 1990, The History of Sexuality. Vidali, Amy. New York: New York University Press. When literary scholars turned their attention to disability, they discovered it, like gender and race, all around them (Garland‐Thomson 2013: 916). El Paso, TX: Cinco Puntos Press. The Showman and the Slave: Race, Death, and Memory in Barnum’s America. He went on to connect the ideology of normalcy with notions of progress and with eugenics, the late‐nineteenth/early‐twentieth‐century movement that attempted to decrease the number of “unfit” people (including the “feebleminded,” those with congenital disabilities, certain ethnic minorities, and even impoverished groups) in the population. ), Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan US, Year: 2013 Publisher: Nova Science Pub Inc, Year: 2010 While medicine has helped disabled people, the medical model misses the whole picture. That same year, the journal MELUS published a special issue on “Race, Ethnicity, Disability, and Literature,” and soon thereafter scholars such as Schweik and Ellen Samuels made race a prominent part of their monographs. 1998. In 2002, Sharon Snyder called attention to how are such authors are typically seen as succeeding despite impairments. 2013. Cone, Kitty. Chen, Mel. Again, disability studies opened fresh approaches to literary investigation. 1997. 1995. Probing representations of such characters has become a staple of literary disability studies, revealing hidden patterns and expanding the way canonical narratives are read. Notably, some disability studies scholars have claimed certain canonical writers as disabled, even if the authors themselves did not view themselves in such terms during their lifetimes. “Infinities of Forms: Disability Figures and Artistic Traditions.” In Disability Studies: Enabling the Humanities, ed. Interdisciplinary Dialogues: Disability and Postcolonial Studies Clare Barker, Ph.D. University of Leeds, UK Abstract: Disability is a constitutive material presence in many postcolonial societies but remains surprisingly absent as a subject of analysis in the field of Postcolonial Studies. Next, narratives offer an account of the causes and consequences of the disability; they bring the disability from the margin into the center of the story; and finally, they cure, rehabilitate, or eliminate the deviance in some way, restoring a sense of order. A disability studies-inflected intersectionality recognizes disability as an essential component of intersectional work. Other scholars in literary disability studies further developed these ideas about the formation of the norm. In his classic study Stigma (1963), the sociologist Erving Goffman analyzed social interactions around people, including those with “abominations of the body,” who differed from the expected norm (Goffman 1963: 4). ), Series: Interdisciplinary disability studies, Author(s): Rachel Adams (ed. In the process, they revealed that disability is a central, illuminating critical category. These matters showed up in disability scholars’ literary and cultural analysis. Literary disability studies › disability studies aims to make the dominant ideology of normalcy and disability Studies. ” in studies! Artistic Traditions. ” in disability studies scholars were sometimes faulted for overlooking cognitive disability, activists scholars... Murray ’ s Representing Autism: Culture, narrative, and the American cultural.. Spectators to confirm their own sense of normalcy visible divided scholars critiques, and cultural,. 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disability studies in literature
In his provisional typology, disability can reveal the morality of other characters, as Tiny Tim does in A Christmas Carol (1843); or it can overlap with racial, sexual, economic, or social otherness, as with Caliban in Shakespeare’s The Tempest. It can show the disjuncture between thematic and narrative trajectories, as in Sadhwa’s Cracking India (1991), where the disability of the child narrator seems more an analogy for the partition of India than a realistic feature of the narrative. Mitchell, David, and Sharon Snyder. 2010. Meanings of disability are not constant, but vary from work to work, just as in reality they vary with bodily condition, time, and place. Journal of Disability Studies ‘ Journal of Disability Studies ’ is an International, multidisciplinary, peer reviewed / refereed open access journal. Instead, they argued that disability is produced as much by cultural and environmental factors as by bodily conditions, and have focused mainly on the former. Early Literary Disability Studies and Normalcy. Nice and informative article, it helps me to get an idea about litrary disability studies. “Disability fluctuates, growing visible, then invisible, then visible again, becoming both ever-present and haunting. Since disability crosses every identity formation, Lennard J. Davis (2002) provocatively argued that disability serves as a sort of master identity that links all other identity categories like gender, race, class, and sexuality (which are themselves unstable). True to his 2005 advice to the field, Bérubé bypassed the question of realism to consider how, even in works ostensibly not “about” disability, disability shows up and structures narratives. In an effort to make out‐of‐print writing by deaf people more available, in the late 1990s Gallaudet University Press launched its “Gallaudet Classics in Deaf Studies” series, republishing work by such deaf authors as Laurent Clerc (1785–1869) and Laura Redden Searing (1840–1923). Initially, the field focused on the division between "impairment" and "disability", where impairment was an impairment of an individual's mind or body, … (5MB), Series: Routledge Studies in Medieval Religion and Culture, Author(s): David M. Turner, Kevin Stagg (eds. According to one organizer, a “high point” came when civil rights icon Julian Bond visited (Cone 1997). Similarly, Sharon Snyder and David Mitchell (2006) advocated for a “cultural model” of disability that explores disabled people’s bodies interacting with the societies around them, while Tobin Siebers, with his theory of complex embodiment, positioned disability as a product of both the environment and bodily factors as “chronic pain, secondary health effects, and aging” (Siebers 2008: 25). (16MB), Series: Interdisciplinary Disability Studies, Publisher: Ashgate Publishing Company, Year: 2015 Such works offer glimpses into the past lives of disabled people and provide a valuable counterpoint to depictions by non‐disabled authors. Finally, she pointed out that while the medical model typically consigned disabled people to the care of health professionals and other specialists, the social model turned attention outward, making disability a fruitful topic of inquiry for a range of academic disciplines that in the past have had little to say about the subject. Hall, Alice. At the same time, some scholars in literary disability studies have chosen to study literary representations of specific kinds of disability. Together with disability activism, such work prepared the way for disability studies. New York: The Modern Language Association. Bogdan, Robert. In 2002 Lennard J. Davis argued that an insistence on social construction alone was intellectually unsatisfactory. Literary critics in disability studies increasingly turned their attention to disability representations from the Global South. Nielsen, Kim. Reiss, Benjamin. Such a problematizing of physical life added a new wrinkle to the genre's double/secret identity trope: the characters now interact with their shifting bodies as bodies with all the complications involved.” Disability is indeed ubiquitous in literature and film. (1MB), Author(s): Michael Gill (ed.). (1MB), Series: Disability studies (Nova Science Publishers), Publisher: Nova Science, Year: 2010 (2MB), Author(s): Nick Watson, Alan Roulstone, Carol Thomas, Author(s): Gary L. Albrecht, Katherine Delores Seelman, Michael Bury, Publisher: SAGE Publications, Inc, Year: 2001 "The Disability Studies Reader edited by Lennard J. Davis is to the field of Disability Studies what the Norton anthologies are to literature. For example, in a reading of William and Ellen Craft’s account of escaping slavery, Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom (1860), she noted not just Ellen Craft’s racial passing, but also her enacting masculinity and disability (she pretends to be deaf) to find liberty. (2MB), Author(s): Candida R. Moss, Jeremy Schipper (eds. (Previously, various kinds of disabled people, like blind citizens and disabled veterans, usually advocated separately for their own interests.) Robert Hurley. Disability Studies is a small but growing field of theorization regarding the role of disability in identity politics. With no acknowledged corpus of disability literature, they began mostly to explore the numerous ways that disability operates in canonical works and in culture, often in their scholarship deftly moving between the two. (1MB), Series: Routledge Studies in Cultural History 14, Author(s): Elsayed Elshabrawy Ahmad Hassanein (auth. Throughout, the activists made themselves collectively visible to the public, revealing what had previously been largely hidden. Such intersectional approaches helped disability studies to emerge as a consequential, exciting intellectual pursuit with an activist orientation. A disability studies perspective examines how disability is socially constructed in society and can shed light on how literature reflects the social conditions within which it was written. Freaks: Myths and Images of the Secret Self. Garland‐Thomson, Rosemarie. ), Publisher: SensePublishers, Year: 2015 2002. Disability studies thus reminds us that everyone has a stake in how disabled people are treated. For instance, people with severe congenital disabilities have served as “icons upon whom people discharge their anxieties, convictions, and fantasies” and reify their own sense of ordinariness (1997: 56). 2001. New York: Simon and Schuster. Chang and Eng Reconnected: The Original Siamese Twins in American Culture. ... dictionaries, dissertations, and conference papers on literature, languages, folklore and linguistics. Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit. Quayson, Ato. The Second Sex. Anthologies such as Beauty is a Verb (2011) have brought contemporary disability poetry to a wider reading public. New York: Simon & Schuster. MA: Harvard University Press. Claiming Disability: Knowledge and Identity. ), Benjamin Reiss (ed. In this way, the very structure of the nineteenth‐century novel upholds normalcy. Disability studies considers disability in political, aesthetic, ethical, and cultural contexts, among others. Publisher: Routledge, Year: 2016; The Oxford Handbook of Music and Disability Studies. For example, in 1977 about 150 people with a range of impairments took over a floor of a federal building in San Francisco for 26 days to protest the government’s failure to implement Section 504 of the 1973 Rehabilitation Act, which was America’s first disability civil rights law. (2MB), Author(s): David J. Connor, Jan W. Valle, Chris Hale, Publisher: Peter Lang Publishing Inc., Year: 2014 Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Even more explicitly, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (ratified in 2008) says that “disability results from the interaction between persons with impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinders their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others.” Such examples show that the conception of disability as the product of both the social environment and the body has gained traction on a national and global level. 1988. One of the first topics they took on was not disability per se but its seeming opposite, normalcy, which they revealed often to be socially formed and to have enormous influence. 2001. A defect of the body structure. A final challenge to achieving a cohesive disability identity relates to its instability as a category. 1989, c1952. London: Routledge. Samuels’s book is part of a pronounced trend in literary disability studies to bring disability together more forcefully with other established identity categories. 2006. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Disability shows up in films from Charlie Chaplin’s City Lights (1931) to Disney’s Finding Nemo (2003) to Gattaca (1997) and numerous other science fiction pictures; in plays like Medoff’s Children of a Lesser God (1979); and in poetry from Milton’s “On His Blindness” (1655) to Dickinson’s works to poems by contemporary poets with disabilities like Lynn Manning, John Lee Clark, and Petra Kuppers. Beauty is a Verb: The New Poetry of Disability. Foucault, Michel. Sharon L. Snyder, Brenda Jo Brueggemann, and Rosemarie Garland‐Thomson, 109–17. Disability studies began to emerge in the West in the late twentieth century as a result of the success of the disability rights movement, the seminal work of a few scholars like Erving Goffman and Michel Foucault, and the flourishing of other interdisciplinary identity‐based approaches that revealed compelling new aspects of the humanities while emphasizing rights. In addition, they sometimes investigated how depictions relate to their historical moment, showing how authors create, perpetuate, or contest the attitudes of their time. Snyder, Sharon. The Secret Life of Stories: From Don Quixote to Harry Potter, How Understanding Intellectual Disability Transforms the Way We Read. Early literary disability studies critics sometimes expressed misgivings about figurative uses of disability, pointing out how such tropes frequently are quick ways vividly to depict something bad, broken, or wrong, even if that thing is unrelated to disability itself. 2011. It also demonstrated how ableism overlaps with racism, sexism, and “other forms of human diminishment that position some humans on the edges of belonging” (Titchkosky 2015: 131). 2007. Several influential scholars working in the 1960s and 1970s provided intellectual groundwork for the field, even if they did not write solely about disability or offer a vision of liberation for disabled people. Benjamin Reiss investigated P. T. Barnum’s career and its relationship to national anxieties about race, gender, and the body, while Cynthia Wu considered the original Siamese twins, Chang and Eng, and their impact in American literature and culture. While one project of literary disability studies has revealed the formation and hegemony of normalcy, another has showed how both fiction and film, through disabled characters, disability metaphors, and even their underlying structure, use disability to address countless aspects of human thought and experience. Like Lennard J. Davis, Mitchell and Snyder contended that narratives often buttress the norm. Cassuto, Leonard. Academic work. Use current and former terms e.g. Disability studies emerged out of the disability civil rights movement in the late twentieth century. He showed how both ableism (discrimination or prejudice against disabled people in favor of able‐bodied people) and heteronormativity support each other, pressuring people to behave in socially acceptable ways. Candidates here include Milton, who became blind, Alexander Pope, who had short stature and a spinal condition, Lord Byron, who was born with a deformed foot, Flannery O’Connor, who as adult contracted lupus and walked on crutches, Borges, who lost much of his sight, and many more. The Board of Directors of the Society for Disability Studies (SDS) stands in solidarity with the ongoing response by the Movement for Black Lives to police brutality and mass incarceration. Sideshow U.S.A.: Freaks and the American Cultural Imagination. He developed this point further in 2002, arguing that a binary distinction between normal and abnormal underpins the rise of the novel. Only with the rise of Nazi concentration camps during World War II did eugenics become discredited, although normalcy continues to have powerful sway. In addition to disabled characters, scholars have called attention to the frequent metaphorical use of disability, which adds to the meanings of disability in texts. Disability Theory. For his part, in Freaks (1978) literary critic Leslie Fiedler explored the long history of people’s fascination with non‐normative human bodies and their display for profit. While one project of literary disability studies has revealed the formation and hegemony of normalcy, another has showed how both fiction and film, through disabled characters, disability metaphors, and even their underlying structure, use disability to address countless aspects of human thought and experience. For example, Alison Kafer’s Feminist, Queer, Crip (2013) clearly announced in the title the intersections she would explore. Scholars have pointed out how disability can shape the very form of narratives. They demonstrated that disability, which might initially seem marginal, is actually pervasive and does significant cultural work. (2MB), Series: Routledge Advances in Disability Studies, Author(s): Tim Corcoran, Julie White, Ben Whitburn (eds. While the social model has served as a core principle of the field, as disability studies matured, leading theorists have called for a more nuanced approach. Similarly, critics have focused exclusively on deafness, blindness, and madness in literature, drawing out how those specific disabilities have been represented across time, and sometimes offering useful cultural history of their disabled group as well. New York: The Modern Language Association. Barker, Clare. We treat disability as a political, cultural and social process, placing as much importance on structures, relations and representations as on individual bodies. In another area, many critics have followed Garland‐Thomson by publishing multidisciplinary studies of freakery and its afterlives. Davis, Lennard J. This difference was defined by ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health) produced by the World Health Organization.Different conceptual models are used to understand the disability and explain its integration with the study. “Seeing What We Know: Disability and Theories of Metaphor.” Journal of Literary and Cultural Disability Studies 4 (1): 33–54. “Disability Studies 2.0.” American Literary History 22 (1): 218–31. Davidson, Michael. It can serve as hermeneutical impasse, as in Ondaatje’s The English Patient (1992), where the man’s acute burns ensures he remains unknown throughout the story. Similarly, a few years later Tobin Siebers identified a powerful but largely invisible “ideology of ability” that permeates society, which he said is often a “baseline by which humanness is determined. Disability studies is an academic discipline that examines the meaning, nature, and consequences of disability. The fourth edition of the reader has just been released in February. In literature, many critics examine works to understand how representations of disability and “normal” bodies change throughout history, including the ways both are defined within the limits of historical or cultural situations. (1MB), Author(s): Janice McLaughlin, Edmund Coleman-Fountain, Emma Clavering, Blake Howe, Stephanie Jensen-Moulton, Neil Lerner, Joseph Straus (eds. 2016. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Boston: Beacon Press. Samuels, in Fantasies of Identification (2014), investigated how disadvantaged groups have subversively performed racial, gender, or disability passing to escape oppressive institutions such as slavery. Guide for students in English Department courses. Leader Ed Roberts called disabled people “one of the largest minority groups in the nation,” emphasizing their new feeling of a shared identity (Nielsen 2012: 168). New York: Vintage. Perhaps because of new interest in disability, improved access, and/or easier paths to publication, a number of autobiographical works have appeared by writers across the disability spectrum including Nancy Mairs, Kenny Fries, Anne Finger, Georgina Kleege, and Stephen Kuusisto. “The Social Model of Disability.” In The Disability Studies Reader, ed. Focusing on cultural and especially literary representations of disability, Journal of Literary & Cultural Disability Studies (JLCDS) publishes a wide variety of textual analyses that are informed by disability theory and, by extension, experiences of disability. Christopher Bell followed a 2006 exhortative essay with an edited collection, Blackness and Disability (2012), which sought to bring disability studies and African‐American studies more forcefully together. The areas covered by Journal include all type of disabilities and a wide range of advanced fields such as: Disability studies is an interdisciplinary academic tradition comprising disciplines spanning from sociology and educational sciences to ethics and literature. An exciting aspect of literary disability studies is how it opens new opportunities for scholarship, knowledge‐building, and the advancement of human rights. Lennard J. Davis (1995) and Mitchell and Snyder (2000) argued that authors sometimes organize narratives around normalcy. In addition, Davis (1995) equated the very act of reading, which is typically silent and visual, with deafness, arguing that writing and decoding texts is bound up in disability. 2011. Siebers, Tobin. Along the same lines, Amy Vidali (2010) argued against simply policing harmful metaphors, urging artists and scholars instead to find ways to work “critically, ethically, transgressively, and creatively at the edges of disability metaphor” (Vidali 2010: 51). Disability Studies is a multi-disciplinary field that investigates, critiques, and enhances Western society’s understandings of disability. Fiedler, Leslie. 2008. He described how, starting in the nineteenth century, bodies seen as problems were sequestered, controlled, diagnosed, and otherwise socially managed. Linton (1998) insisted that “I am not willing or interested in erasing the line between disabled and nondisabled people, as long as disabled people are devalued and discriminated against, and as long as naming the category serves to call attention to that treatment” (1998: 13). 2016. Disability is, as he put it at the outset, “ubiquitous,” and he argued that ubiquity deserves greater recognition and exploration (Bérubé 2016: 1). In 2002, Ato Quayson called for more attention to disability in postcolonial texts, noting that both disability studies and postcolonial studies had similar interests in power relations and identity. Sharon L. Snyder, Brenda Jo Brueggemann, and Rosemarie Garland‐Thomson, 173–96. The lesser the ability, the lesser the human being” (Siebers 2008: 10). Adams, Rachel. 1978, c.1976. Discussing The History of the Life and Adventures of Mr. Duncan Campbell (1720)—sometimes attributed to Defoe—and other examples, he explored how the rise of mass literacy and the advent of deaf education in eighteenth‐century Europe helped writing to serve as a meeting ground of sorts where deaf and hearing people could interact. Bartlett, Jennifer, Sheila Black, and Michael Northern (eds.). Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ), Publisher: SensePublishers, Year: 2015 In contrast to literary critics in feminist or critical race studies, those in disability studies thus have less opportunity to recapture past writers of their group. Along with the emergence of disability studies came increased attention to writing by disabled people themselves. 2015. Review of Disability Studies 2010. Others have resisted such a formulation. Focusing on representations of disability, Journal of Literary & Cultural Disability Studies publishes a wide variety of textual analyses that are informed by disability theory … Bending over Backwards: Disability, Dismodernism & Other Difficult Positions. This section explores two crucial elements of the setting of criticaldisability theory: its heritage in critical theory and its tensionsand overlap with more traditional disability studies. ), Publisher: SensePublishers, Year: 2013 Perhaps the most distinguishing, even radical, feature of disability studies is that it has approached disability primarily as a social and political phenomenon. Drawing on Erving Goffman’s insights, in Extraordinary Bodies (1997) Rosemarie Garland‐Thomson coined the term “normate” to describe an idealized position that has dominance and authority in society (Garland‐Thomson 1997: 8). However, such writing is in short supply, perhaps, as Leonard Cassuto surmises, because of the “wretched treatment of disabled people over history” and because those authors who did publish did not want the highly stigmatized label of “disabled” (Cassuto 2010: 219). Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. “Compulsory Able‐ Bodiedness and the Queer/Disabled Existence.” In Disability Studies: Enabling the Humanities, ed. They occasionally applied to disability feminist debates about essentialism versus social constructivism, postcolonial and critical race scholars’ analysis of hybrid identities, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick’s notion of how a dominant group often depends on a subordinated group for its status, Donna Haraway’s concept of the cyborg, extending the field’s insights, relevance, and legitimacy. New York: Routledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. While the field has always been interdisciplinary and cognizant of other identity‐based disciplines—for example, in using other identity theories, in advocating for rights, or in Garland‐Thomson’s effort to bring disability studies and feminism together back in 1997—recent works have shown a renewed commitment to exploring how disability intersects with other forms of identity. In the early years of the field, disability studies scholars were sometimes faulted for overlooking cognitive disability. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. Literary scholars made the field more visible and invigorated thinking not only about identity and aesthetics, but also about social attitudes toward disability, ethics, and human rights (Hall 2016: 53). 1963. Extending Davis’s and Garland‐Thomson’s ideas, David Mitchell and Sharon Snyder argued in Narrative Prosthesis (2000) that canonical authors frequently rely on disability as a narrative device both to give their fictions energy and ultimately to reaffirm normalcy in their works. Categories: Disability Studies, Literary Criticism, Literary Theory, Tags: Claiming Disability, Disability as an Identity, Disability Studies, Disability Theory, Donna Haraway, Erving Goffman, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Extraordinary Bodies, Freaks: Myths and Images of the Secret Self, Hottentot Venus, Lennard J. Davis, Madame Bovary, Michel Foucault, Narrative Prosthesis, P. T. Barnum, Robert Bogdan, Rosemarie Garland Thomson, Saartjie Baartman, Simi Linton, Simone de Beauvoir, Stigma, The Americans’ Disabilities Act of 1990, The History of Sexuality. Vidali, Amy. New York: New York University Press. When literary scholars turned their attention to disability, they discovered it, like gender and race, all around them (Garland‐Thomson 2013: 916). El Paso, TX: Cinco Puntos Press. The Showman and the Slave: Race, Death, and Memory in Barnum’s America. He went on to connect the ideology of normalcy with notions of progress and with eugenics, the late‐nineteenth/early‐twentieth‐century movement that attempted to decrease the number of “unfit” people (including the “feebleminded,” those with congenital disabilities, certain ethnic minorities, and even impoverished groups) in the population. ), Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan US, Year: 2013 Publisher: Nova Science Pub Inc, Year: 2010 While medicine has helped disabled people, the medical model misses the whole picture. That same year, the journal MELUS published a special issue on “Race, Ethnicity, Disability, and Literature,” and soon thereafter scholars such as Schweik and Ellen Samuels made race a prominent part of their monographs. 1998. In 2002, Sharon Snyder called attention to how are such authors are typically seen as succeeding despite impairments. 2013. Cone, Kitty. Chen, Mel. Again, disability studies opened fresh approaches to literary investigation. 1997. 1995. Probing representations of such characters has become a staple of literary disability studies, revealing hidden patterns and expanding the way canonical narratives are read. Notably, some disability studies scholars have claimed certain canonical writers as disabled, even if the authors themselves did not view themselves in such terms during their lifetimes. “Infinities of Forms: Disability Figures and Artistic Traditions.” In Disability Studies: Enabling the Humanities, ed. Interdisciplinary Dialogues: Disability and Postcolonial Studies Clare Barker, Ph.D. University of Leeds, UK Abstract: Disability is a constitutive material presence in many postcolonial societies but remains surprisingly absent as a subject of analysis in the field of Postcolonial Studies. Next, narratives offer an account of the causes and consequences of the disability; they bring the disability from the margin into the center of the story; and finally, they cure, rehabilitate, or eliminate the deviance in some way, restoring a sense of order. A disability studies-inflected intersectionality recognizes disability as an essential component of intersectional work. Other scholars in literary disability studies further developed these ideas about the formation of the norm. In his classic study Stigma (1963), the sociologist Erving Goffman analyzed social interactions around people, including those with “abominations of the body,” who differed from the expected norm (Goffman 1963: 4). ), Series: Interdisciplinary disability studies, Author(s): Rachel Adams (ed. In the process, they revealed that disability is a central, illuminating critical category. These matters showed up in disability scholars’ literary and cultural analysis. Literary disability studies › disability studies aims to make the dominant ideology of normalcy and disability Studies. ” in studies! Artistic Traditions. ” in disability studies scholars were sometimes faulted for overlooking cognitive disability, activists scholars... Murray ’ s Representing Autism: Culture, narrative, and the American cultural.. Spectators to confirm their own sense of normalcy visible divided scholars critiques, and cultural,. 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