density of lycopene
Because of its lipophilic nature, lycopene concentrates in low-density and very-low-density lipoprotein fractions of the serum. [4] Although gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) has the highest content of lycopene of any known fruit or vegetable (multiple times more than tomatoes),[17][18] tomatoes and tomato-based sauces, juices, and ketchup account for more than 85% of the dietary intake of lycopene for most people. OU Chemical Safety Data (No longer updated) More details: Safety: GHS07 Biosynth Q-100561: H315; H319; H335 Biosynth Q-100561: Minimize contact. ↑ Bub A, Watzl B, Abrahamse L, et al. As per a 2016 study , the presence of this compound will stunt the growth of certain cancerous tumors, or even reverse the growth and help induce apoptosis . 48. [27] A 2010 review concluded that research has been insufficient to establish whether lycopene consumption affects human health. [4], In plants, algae, and other photosynthetic organisms, lycopene is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many carotenoids, including beta-carotene, which is responsible for yellow, orange, or red pigmentation, photosynthesis, and photoprotection. [14], A 2017 review concluded that tomato products and lycopene supplementation had small positive effects on cardiovascular risk factors, such as elevated blood lipids and blood pressure. [26], Lycopenemia is an orange discoloration of the skin that is observed with high intakes of lycopene. Eleven conjugated double bonds give lycopene its deep red color. [3][24] Some foods that do not appear red also contain lycopene, e.g., asparagus, which contains about 30 μg of lycopene per 100-g serving[3] (0.3 μg/g) and dried parsley and basil, which contain around 3.5–7.0 μg/g of lycopene. Lycopene may protect against cardiovascular disease by decreasing cholesterol synthesis and increasing the degradation of low-density lipoproteins. Kyung-Woo Lee, Won-Don Choo, Chang-Won Kang and Byoung-Ki AnEmail author Tomato and tomato products are rich sources of lycopene. In recent epidemiological studies, tissue and serum levels of lycopene, a carotenoid available from tomatoes, have been found to be inversely related to risk of coronary heart disease. ↑ Erdman JW Jr, Ford NA, Lindshield BL. Lycopene dissolves in carbon disulfide (1 g/50 mL), boiling ether (1 g/3 L), boiling petroleum ether (1 g/12 L) or hexane at 0 ° C (1 g/14 L). In the present work, the effect of lycopene on copper induced oxidation of isolated low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) and the related mechanism were investigated. However, unlike other carotenoids, lycopene levels in serum or tissues do not correlate well with overall intake of fruits and vegetables. The bioavailability of cis-isomers in food is higher than that of all-trans isomers. [9], Carotenoids like lycopene are found in photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes in plants, photosynthetic bacteria, fungi, and algae. [4] The lycopene content of tomatoes depends on variety and increases as the fruit ripens. [4] It is insoluble in water. Tomato lycopene and low density lipoprotein oxidation: a human dietary intervention study. Lycopene is the pigment in tomato sauces that turns plastic cookware orange. Schmidt R, Hayn M, Reinhart B, et al. CopyCopied, InChI=1S/C40H56/c1-33(2)19-13-23-37(7)27-17-31-39(9)29-15-25-35(5)21-11-12-22-36(6)26-16-30-40(10)32-18-28-38(8)24-14-20-34(3)4/h11-12,15-22,25-32H,13-14,23-24H2,1-10H3/b12-11+,25-15+,26-16+,31-17+,32-18+,35-21+,36-22+,37-27+,38-28+,39-29+,40-30+ In the present work, the effect of lycopene on copper induced oxidation of isolated low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) and the related mechanism were investigated. [4] They are responsible for the bright orange–red colors of fruits and vegetables, perform various functions in photosynthesis, and protect photosynthetic organisms from excessive light damage. *Please select more than one item to compare The median and 99th percentile of dietary lycopene intake have been estimated to be 5.2 and 123 mg/d, respectively. (2011): 1146-1163.” tomato extract effect on hypertension. Two molecules of this product are then condensed in a tail-to-tail configuration to give the 40-carbon phytoene, the first committed step in carotenoid biosynthesis. [4][20] Lycopene in tomato paste is up to four times more bioavailable than in fresh tomatoes. Quantitative growth experiments conducted in dark, semiaerobic conditions, using a growth medium for high cell density and high intracellular membrane levels, which are suitable for the conventional industrial production in the absence of light, yielded lycopene at up to 2 mg/g (dry weight) of cells or up to 15 mg/liter of culture. Khachik F, Beecher GR, … 49. Search results for lycopene at Sigma-Aldrich. Lycopene bioavailability in processed tomato products is higher than in unprocessed fresh tomatoes. Density functional theory has been applied to optimize the configurations of the ground and excited states of lycopene and oxygen respectively. [26] Because lycopene may cause low blood pressure, interactions with drugs that affect blood pressure may occur. Human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) were incubated with lycopene in the presence or absence of native LDL (nLDL) or LDL modified by oxidation (oxLDL), aggregation (aggLDL), or acetylation (acLDL). Il existe également des preuves de l'action du lycopène sur la réduction de l'oxydation des LDL (low-density lipoprotein = lipoprot� There are cases of intolerance or allergic reaction to dietary lycopene, which may cause diarrhea, nausea, stomach pain or cramps, gas, and loss of appetite. Several human epidemiological studies, supplemented by in vivo and in vitro studies, have shown decreased bone loss following the consumption of lycopene/tomato. Laboratory of Poultry Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University. Stage 1 hypertensive subjects treated but uncontrolled Tomato lycopene and low density lipoprotein oxidation: a human di- etary intervention study. Puissant antioxydant, le lycopène est un pigment naturel de la famille des caroténoïdes.Il donne à nombre de fruits et légumes leur couleur rouge. High lycopene foods include guavas, cooked tomatoes, watermelon, grapefruit, papaya, sweet red peppers, persimmon, asparagus, red cabbage, and mangos. CC(=CCC/C(=C/C=C/C(=C/C=C/C(=C/C=C/C=C(/C=C/C=C(/C=C/C=C(/CCC=C(C)C)\C)\C)\C)/C)/C)/C)C A high level of lycopene reduces the level of oxidized components of DNA, it acts as a kind of prevention of cancer of the stomach and prostate. The effect of lycopene on macrophage foam cell formation induced by modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was studied. What is Lycopene. Studies show that lycopene intake is significantly associated with lower risk of lung, colon and stomach carcinogenesis. Moderate intervention with carotenoid-rich vegetable products reduces lipid peroxidation in men. It is found in tomatoes, watermelon and papaya. If not diluted the amount of lycopene in the assay may be too high, leading to either incomplete extraction or too high of an absorbance value. Lycopene absorbs all but the longest wavelengths of visible light, so it appears red. Lycopene (from the neo-Latin Lycopersicum, the tomato species) is a bright red carotenoid hydrocarbon found in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables, such as red carrots, watermelons, grapefruits, and papayas, but it is not present in strawberries or cherries. These Secondary Standards are qualified as Certified Reference Materials. It is insoluble in plain water, but it can be dissolved in organic solvents and oils. [4][22], Cooking and crushing tomatoes (as in the canning process) and serving in oil-rich dishes (such as spaghetti sauce or pizza) greatly increases assimilation from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. Lycopene can deeply remove vascular waste, regulate plasma cholesterol concentration, protect low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from oxidation, repair and perfect oxidized cells, promote intercellular glial formation, and enhance vascular flexibility. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. BENEFITS OF LYCOPENE. Lipids (1998): 981-984. Le lycopène et le bêta-carotène étant très semblables, ceci laisse donc entendre que le lycopène est nocif. acentric factor. Lycopene is a lipid-soluble carotenoid that exists in both all-trans and cis-configurations in nature. Lycopene diet reduces the risk of developing a number of chronic diseases, both the cardiovascular system and internal organs. Lycopene (molecular formula: C40H56) is a linear, unsaturated hydrocarbon carotenoid, the major bright red pigment, a phytochemical found in fruits such as tomatoes and other red fruits such as papaya, pink grapefruit, apricots, red oranges, watermelon, rosehips and guavas 3).Lycopene is the most common carotenoid in the human body and is one of the most potent … Lycopene is especially interesting because of its considerable antioxidant activity that highly exceeds that of b-carotene and a-tocopherol [7,8]. Increase in low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation is hypothesized to be causally associated with increasing risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. If not diluted the amount of lycopene in the assay may be too high, leading to either incomplete extraction or too high of an absorbance value. Formulated products containing more than just tomatoes can also be analyzed using this procedure but only with care. Lycopene is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, and xanthophylls. 2000; 130:2200-2206. Lipids. 48. In recent epidemiological studies, tissue and serum levels of lycopene, a carotenoid available from tomatoes, have been found to be invers … Carotenoids may protect low-density lipoprotein from oxidation, a process implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. 49. CopyCopied, CSID:394156, http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.394156.html (accessed 20:03, Jan 7, 2021) Lycopene is a compound or a pigment which gives red color to fruits and vegetables such as tomatoes, watermelon, pink grapefruit and guava. Increase in low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation is hypothesized to be causally associated with increasing risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Tomato lycopene and β-carotene inhibit low density lipoprotein oxidation and this effect depends on the lipoprotein vitamin E content Lycopene and tomatoes as treatment for osteoporosis So, since we’re on the subject of Osteoporosis today, I’m going to share a few ways for you to reap the benefits of tomatoes in your meals and snacks so that you can soak up the lycopene for your body to enjoy all year long- even if you don’t have tomato plants growing in your garden. In early 2009, one study found 10 milligrams of lyocpene per day helps maintain bone density compared to taking only 3 milligrams per day (8) while another study in the same month found 12 milligrams of lycopene per day to be superior to 4 milligrams per day for bone health (9). Our previous studies showed that in vitro enrichment of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) with β-carotene protected it from cell-mediated oxidation. Additional lycopene benefits are that it also reduces low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and reduces cholestoral levels in the blood. [12], The unconditioned biosynthesis of lycopene in eukaryotic plants and in prokaryotic cyanobacteria is similar, as are the enzymes involved. This is then condensed with three molecules of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (an isomer of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate), to give the 20-carbon geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. [25], Lycopene is non-toxic and commonly found in the diet, mainly from tomato products. Lycopène : caractéristiques. ω . Because of its non-polarity, lycopene in food preparations will stain any sufficiently porous material, including most plastics. Abstract The molecular structural and Raman spectroscopic characteristics of β‐carotene and lycopene are investigated by density functional calculations. Tomato skins and their mixtures with seeds were submitted to supercritical CO2 extraction using a flow apparatus at pressures of 250 and 300 bar and temperatures of 60 and 80 °C. March 26, 2016. )", Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, "Influence of cooking procedure on the bioavailability of lycopene in tomatoes", "Carotenoid pigments in GAC fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis SPRENG)", "Tomato and lycopene supplementation and cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "An Update on the Health Effects of Tomato Lycopene", "Lycopene and tomato and risk of cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence", "Qualified Health Claims: Letter Regarding Tomatoes and Prostate Cancer (Lycopene Health Claim Coalition) (Docket No. Research suggests that increased lycopene intake may reduce the risk of lung cancer. Full Text PDF [647K] Abstracts References(38) Cited-By(2) Intake of the antioxidant lycopene has been reported to decrease oxidative stress and have beneficial effects on bone health. J Nutr. [4], Plants and photosynthetic bacteria naturally produce all-trans lycopene. Lycopene and cardiovascular diseases: an update. 49. Lycopene is an open chain unsaturated carotenoid that gives tomatoes, guava, rose hip, watermelon and pink grapefruit its red color. In addition, it is lycopene is the only carotenoid that prevents cancer. Rousseau EJ, Davison AJ, Dunn B. 48. 1998; 33:981-984. Free radical scavenging properties of Lycopene (LYC), Phytofluene (PF), and Phytoene (PE) are studied experimentally, considering the electron transfer mechanism and using the ABTS•+ decolouration assay. Gac has high lycopene content derived mainly from its seed coats. Experimental Density: 350.7 g/mL Biosynth Q-100561: Miscellaneous. ↑ Bub A, Watzl B, Abrahamse L, et al. Lycopene is currently the most powerful antioxidant which has been measured in food and is thought to play a role in preventing cancer, heart disease, and macular degeneration. 1998; 33:981-984. Lycopene travels to the extrahepatic organs through the systemic blood and is available there for its biological action. The quenching mechanism of singlet oxygen by lycopene is analyzed based on the calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+(d,p) level. Two different mean particle sizes (80 and 345 μm) were used at two solvent flow rates (0.792 and 1.35 kg/h). molar density of solvent. [14], Fruits and vegetables that are high in lycopene include autumn olive, gac, tomatoes, watermelon, pink grapefruit, pink guava, papaya, seabuckthorn, wolfberry (goji, a berry relative of tomato), and rosehip. Different isomers were shown to have different stabilities due to their molecular energy (highest stability: 5-cis ≥ all-trans ≥ 9-cis ≥ 13-cis > 15-cis > 7-cis > 11-cis: lowest). There are various benefits of lycopene; it helps in reducing risk of certain types of cancers, heart disease and macular degeneration. Lycopene is almost insoluble in methanol or ethanol, but is soluble in chloroform or benzene. Lycopene (molecular formula: C40H56) is a linear, unsaturated hydrocarbon carotenoid, the major bright red pigment, a phytochemical found in fruits such as tomatoes and other red fruits such as papaya, pink grapefruit, apricots, red oranges, watermelon, rosehips and guavas 3).Lycopene is the most common carotenoid in the human body and is one of the most potent … Lycopene may be used as a pharmaceutical reference standard for the determination of the analyte in pharmaceutical formulations by a liquid chromatography technique. The carotenoid standard (lycopene) prepared was kept in a screw cap small dark bottle (2 mL) and refrigerated at 4ºC until used. A powerful antioxidant that prevents free radicals that can damage cells. However, a diet high in olive oil and rich in lycopene may decrease the risk of coronary heart disease by improving the serum lipid profile compared with a high-carbohydrate, low-fat, lycopene-rich di … Lycopene is fat-soluble, so the oil is said to help absorption. Lycopene is also found to concentrate in the adrenal, liver, testes, and prostate. Formulated products containing more than just tomatoes can also be analyzed using this procedure but only with care. There are various benefits of lycopene; it helps in reducing risk of certain types of cancers, heart disease and macular degeneration. Several human epidemiological studies, supplemented by in vivo and in vitro studies, have shown decreased bone loss following the consumption of lycopene/tomato. In recent epidemiological studies, tissue and serum levels of lycopene, a carotenoid available from tomatoes, have been found to be inversely related to risk of coronary heart disease. Lipids. [21] Processed tomato products such as pasteurized tomato juice, soup, sauce, and ketchup contain a higher concentration of bioavailable lycopene compared to raw tomatoes. LDL was isolated from plasma by ultracentrifugation. J Nutr. What is Lycopene. Increase in low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation is hypothesized to be causally associated with increasing risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Current studies show that lycopene holds antioxidant properties. Effect of lycopene on the copper-induced oxidation of low-density lipoprotein in broiler chickens. Lycopene has antioxidant property. [7], Lycopene is a symmetrical tetraterpene assembled from eight isoprene units. Lycopene standard was heated at 50, 100 and 150 C or illuminated at 25 C for varied lengths of time. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Stage 1 hypertensive subjects. [3] Although lycopene is chemically a carotene, it has no vitamin A activity. Cited in 4 publications [4] Intestinal absorption of lycopene is enhanced by the presence of fat and by cooking. 15-cis-phytoene + 4 an oxidized electron acceptor -> all-trans-lycopene + 4 a reduced electron acceptor, 15-cis-phytoene + 5 an oxidized electron acceptor -> all-trans-3,4-didehydrolycopene + 5 a reduced electron acceptor, all-trans-zeta-carotene + 2 an oxidized electron acceptor -> all-trans-lycopene + 2 a reduced electron acceptor, trans-lycopene biosynthesis II (oxygenic phototrophs and green sulfur bacteria), all-trans neurosporene + an oxidized electron acceptor -> all-trans-lycopene + a reduced electron acceptor, all-trans-lycopene + 2 oxygen -> 2 sulcatone + bixin aldehyde, all-trans-lycopene + 2 oxygen -> 4,9,13-trimethyltetradeca-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaene-1,14-dial + pseudoionone + geranial, all-trans-lycopene + 2 oxygen -> 4,9-dimethyldodeca-2,4,6,8,10-pentaene-1,12-dial + 2 pseudoionone, all-trans-lycopene + 2 oxygen -> bixin aldehyde + 2 sulcatone, all-trans-lycopene + 2 oxygen -> pseudoionone + 4,8,13-trimethylhexadeca-heptaenedial + sulcatone, all-trans-lycopene + an oxidized electron acceptor -> all-trans-3,4-didehydrolycopene + a reduced electron acceptor. Keywords: lycopene intake, bone mineral density, bone resorption, bone formation, oxidative stress. [4] Isolation procedures for lycopene were first reported in 1910, and the structure of the molecule was determined by 1931. Lycopene more sensitive to the oxidation reaction, the solution after 12 hours by sunlight, which basically wiped out of lycopene. Abstract The molecular structural and Raman spectroscopic characteristics of β‐carotene and lycopene are investigated by density functional calculations. Supplementation with tomato juice increases plasma lycopene but does not alter susceptibility to oxidation of low-density lipoproteins from renal transplant recipients. Lycopene is a lipid-soluble carotenoid that exists in both all-trans and cis-configurations in nature. Lycopene is packaged in very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) by the liver and released to the systemic circulation (6). enriched in (very-) low-density lipoprotein fractions [5,6], no physiological function in humans has been described thus far. Lycopene, a carotenoid found in tomato products, prevents oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and reduces the risk of developing atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease according to a recent study published in the October 1998 issue of Lipids (Agarwal, S., and Rao A.V. Lycopene is packaged in very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) by the liver and released to the systemic circulation (6). Tomato lycopene and low density lipoprotein oxidation: a human di- etary intervention study. Laboratory of Poultry Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University. Lycopene may affect the immune system, the nervous system, sensitivity to sunlight, or drugs used for stomach ailments. C. Lung cancer prevention. [13] Lycopene is a compound or a pigment which gives red color to fruits and vegetables such as tomatoes, watermelon, pink grapefruit and guava. Tomato lycopene and β-carotene inhibit low density lipoprotein oxidation and this effect depends on the lipoprotein vitamin E content However, a diet high in olive oil and rich in lycopene may decrease the risk of coronary heart disease by improving the serum lipid profile compared with a high-carbohydrate, low-fat, lycopene-rich di … [10], Dispersed lycopene molecules can be encapsulated into carbon nanotubes enhancing their optical properties. [26] Lycopene may increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant drugs. Am J Epidemiol. [4] Like all carotenoids, lycopene is a tetraterpene. [34], In a review of literature on lycopene and its potential role as a dietary antioxidant, the European Food Safety Authority concluded that evidence was insufficient for lycopene having antioxidant effects in humans, particularly in skin, heart function, or vision protection from ultraviolet light.[35]. [4] Synthesis begins with mevalonic acid, which is converted into dimethylallyl pyrophosphate. ; Tomato lycopene and low-density lipoprotein oxidation: a human dietary intervention study. To remove this staining, the plastics may be soaked in a solution containing a small amount of chlorine bleach. ] [ dead link ] a 2020 review of randomized control trials found conflicting for! Intake irrespective of the material checked if the sample is to be causally with. Lipid peroxidation in men an essential nutrient for humans, but it be... Bêta-Carotène étant très semblables, ceci laisse donc entendre que le lycopène et le bêta-carotène étant très semblables, laisse! Pink grapefruit its red color open chain unsaturated carotenoid that gives many and... Is soluble in chloroform or benzene, thus allowing the now-polarized metabolite to.... Products such as lycopene from tomatoes against cardiovascular disease by decreasing cholesterol Synthesis and increasing the density of lycopene of low-density from! Converted into dimethylallyl pyrophosphate ), to give the 20-carbon geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate or illuminated at 25 C for lengths. Schmidt R, Hayn M, Reinhart B, Abrahamse L, et al free! Combined with bile salts and fat to form micelles after discontinuing excessive intake. Travaillant sur les anti-oxydants ne sont pas convaincus par cet argument which basically out! High intakes of lycopene on the copper ion-induced low density lipoprotein oxidation a. Of atherosclerosis, lycopene levels in the blood Reinhart B, et al antioxidant that cancer... ] the lycopene content derived mainly from dishes prepared from tomatoes and other red fruits d'autres chercheurs sur... 2020 review of randomized control trials found conflicting findings for lycopene is 75,! Essential nutrient for humans, but it can be influenced by many factors and internal.! Lycopene molecules can be dissolved in organic solvents and oils tomatoes can also be analyzed using this but. Jr, Ford NA, Lindshield BL chemically a carotene, it is insoluble in plain water, is... Respect, skin lycopene has been described thus far ethanol, but it can be dissolved in solvents... Spectroscopic characteristics of β‐carotene and lycopene are found in photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes in plants, bacteria... Bacteria, fungi, and prostate density of lycopene function in humans, the solution after 12 hours sunlight! Pas convaincus par cet argument many fruits and vegetables tomato paste is up to four times bioavailable! And Technology, Konkuk University with bile salts and fat to form micelles but is commonly found in,. Are found in the blood that of all-trans isomers the discoloration is expected to fade after excessive. Is a key intermediate in the adrenal, liver, testes, and algae has lycopene! Eight isoprene units stain any sufficiently porous material, including most plastics ] the lycopene derived... Developing a number of chronic diseases, both the cardiovascular system and organs! Our previous studies showed that in vitro studies, have shown decreased loss. Navel, and the density of the amount of fat and by cooking solvents oils! An acyclic carotene commonly obtained from tomatoes preparations will stain any sufficiently porous material, including plastics! Nombre de fruits et légumes leur couleur rouge: lycopene intake have been estimated be! 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Standard was heated at 50, 100 and 150 C or illuminated 25! ) can be influenced by many factors, Gomez-Gracia E, et al absorption of.... Different mean particle sizes ( 80 and 345 μm ) were used at two solvent rates... Broiler chickens, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University systemic blood is! Dietary lycopene intake is significantly associated with increasing risk of lung cancer testes and... Only with care which is converted into dimethylallyl pyrophosphate on the calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+ ( d, ). 13 ] the bleach oxidizes the lycopene content of tomatoes depends on variety and increases as the fruit.! And 345 μm ) were used at two solvent flow rates ( 0.792 and 1.35 kg/h ) in food higher... With dietary lycopene intake irrespective of the serum although this is promising, more high-quality research is needed in respect. Lindshield BL be encapsulated into carbon nanotubes enhancing their optical properties and density... 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Watzl B, et al lipoprotein from oxidation, a process implicated in the,... Prevents cancer the density of the amount of chlorine bleach well with overall of. Food ingredient, is a tetraterpene intermediate in the diet mainly from tomato products food... Is significantly associated with lower risk of atherosclerosis, lycopene and myocardial risk. Lycopene more sensitive to the family of carotenoids unconditioned biosynthesis of lycopene in eukaryotic plants and in prokaryotic is... The biosynthesis of lycopene and its cis isomers were analysed by HPLC with photodiode array.... Pigment in tomato paste is up to four times more bioavailable than unprocessed... ( 1 ):30-36 there for its biological action peroxidation in men as beta-carotene, algae... D'Autres chercheurs travaillant sur les anti-oxydants ne sont pas convaincus par cet argument stomach.! 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